Analitik dan telemetri untuk game web

Analitik membantu Anda memahami apa yang dilakukan pemain, di mana mereka mengalami kesulitan, dan apa yang membuat mereka tetap terlibat. Tutorial ini menunjukkan apa saja yang perlu dilacak dan caranya.

1) Apa yang perlu dilacak

Metrik keterlibatan:

• Awal dan durasi sesi
• Level yang dimulai dan diselesaikan
• Fitur yang digunakan
• Retensi (kunjungan kembali)

Metrik performa:

• Waktu pemuatan
• Laju bingkai
• Penggunaan memori
• Kesalahan dan crash

Metrik konversi:

• Penyelesaian tutorial
• Pembelian pertama
• Pembagian ke media sosial

2) Pelacakan peristiwa sederhana

class Analytics {
  constructor(endpoint) {
    this.endpoint = endpoint
    this.sessionId = crypto.randomUUID()
    this.queue = []
    this.flushInterval = 30000 // 30 seconds
    
    setInterval(() => this.flush(), this.flushInterval)
    // Flush when the page is being hidden, not on beforeunload.
    // beforeunload/unload are unreliable (often don't fire on mobile,
    // and block the back/forward cache). visibilitychange + pagehide
    // are the recommended events for end-of-session sends.
    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
      if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') this.flush()
    })
    window.addEventListener('pagehide', () => this.flush())
  }
  
  track(event, data = {}) {
    this.queue.push({
      event,
      data,
      sessionId: this.sessionId,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
      url: location.href,
    })
    
    // Flush immediately for important events
    if (event === 'error' || event === 'purchase') {
      this.flush()
    }
  }
  
  async flush() {
    if (this.queue.length === 0) return
    
    const events = [...this.queue]
    this.queue = []
    
    try {
      await fetch(this.endpoint, {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify({ events }),
        keepalive: true, // Important for beforeunload
      })
    } catch {
      // Put events back in queue
      this.queue.unshift(...events)
    }
  }
}

const analytics = new Analytics('/api/analytics')

3) Pelacakan sesi

// Track session start
analytics.track('session_start', {
  referrer: document.referrer,
  screen: `${screen.width}x${screen.height}`,
  devicePixelRatio: window.devicePixelRatio,
  userAgent: navigator.userAgent,
})

// Track session end
let sessionStart = Date.now()

// Send session_end when the page is hidden, not on beforeunload.
// beforeunload is unreliable on mobile and breaks the bfcache.
function recordSessionEnd() {
  analytics.track('session_end', {
    duration: Date.now() - sessionStart,
  })
}
document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
  if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') recordSessionEnd()
})
window.addEventListener('pagehide', recordSessionEnd)

// Track visibility changes
document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
  if (document.hidden) {
    analytics.track('tab_hidden')
  } else {
    analytics.track('tab_visible')
  }
})

4) Peristiwa khusus game

// Level tracking
function onLevelStart(levelId) {
  analytics.track('level_start', { levelId })
}

function onLevelComplete(levelId, score, time) {
  analytics.track('level_complete', {
    levelId,
    score,
    timeSeconds: time,
  })
}

function onLevelFail(levelId, reason) {
  analytics.track('level_fail', {
    levelId,
    reason, // 'death', 'timeout', 'quit'
  })
}

// Achievement tracking
function onAchievementUnlocked(achievementId) {
  analytics.track('achievement', { achievementId })
}

// Tutorial tracking
function onTutorialStep(step, skipped = false) {
  analytics.track('tutorial', { step, skipped })
}

5) Pemantauan performa

class PerformanceMonitor {
  constructor(analytics) {
    this.analytics = analytics
    this.frameTimes = []
    this.lastFrame = performance.now()
  }
  
  recordFrame() {
    const now = performance.now()
    this.frameTimes.push(now - this.lastFrame)
    this.lastFrame = now
    
    // Keep last 60 frames
    if (this.frameTimes.length > 60) {
      this.frameTimes.shift()
    }
  }
  
  getAverageFPS() {
    if (this.frameTimes.length === 0) return 0
    const avgFrameTime = this.frameTimes.reduce((a, b) => a + b) / this.frameTimes.length
    return 1000 / avgFrameTime
  }
  
  reportPerformance() {
    const fps = this.getAverageFPS()
    const memory = performance.memory?.usedJSHeapSize
    
    this.analytics.track('performance', {
      avgFPS: Math.round(fps),
      memoryMB: memory ? Math.round(memory / 1024 / 1024) : null,
    })
  }
}

// Report every minute
const perfMonitor = new PerformanceMonitor(analytics)
setInterval(() => perfMonitor.reportPerformance(), 60000)

Temukan penyebab patah-patah dengan Long Animation Frames

Penghitung FPS di atas memberi tahu Anda kapan laju bingkai menurun, tetapi tidak menjelaskan mengapa. Long Animation Frames API (LoAF), yang tersedia sejak Chrome dan Edge 123, mengisi kekosongan tersebut. API ini menandai setiap bingkai yang memerlukan waktu lebih dari 50 md dan menguraikan skrip mana yang menyebabkan penundaan, sehingga Anda dapat mengaitkan patah-patah dengan kode tertentu alih-alih sekadar menebak.

if (PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes?.includes('long-animation-frame')) {
  const observer = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
    for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
      analytics.track('long_frame', {
        durationMs: Math.round(entry.duration),
        blockingMs: Math.round(entry.blockingDuration),
        // scripts[] names the source URLs that ate the frame
        scripts: entry.scripts?.map((s) => s.sourceURL),
      })
    }
  })
  observer.observe({ type: 'long-animation-frame', buffered: true })
}

Untuk saat ini, LoAF hanya tersedia di Chromium (belum ada di Firefox atau Safari), jadi lakukan deteksi fitur sebelum menggunakannya dan pertahankan penghitung FPS sebagai patokan lintas peramban Anda.

6) Pelacakan kesalahan

window.addEventListener('error', (event) => {
  analytics.track('error', {
    message: event.message,
    filename: event.filename,
    lineno: event.lineno,
    colno: event.colno,
    stack: event.error?.stack,
  })
})

window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => {
  analytics.track('error', {
    message: event.reason?.message || String(event.reason),
    type: 'unhandledrejection',
    stack: event.reason?.stack,
  })
})

// Custom error tracking
function trackGameError(context, error) {
  analytics.track('game_error', {
    context,
    message: error.message,
    stack: error.stack,
  })
}

7) Pelacakan waktu pemuatan

// Track initial load
window.addEventListener('load', () => {
  const timing = performance.timing
  const loadTime = timing.loadEventEnd - timing.navigationStart
  const domReady = timing.domContentLoadedEventEnd - timing.navigationStart
  
  analytics.track('page_load', {
    totalMs: loadTime,
    domReadyMs: domReady,
  })
})

// Track game-specific load phases
async function loadGame() {
  const start = performance.now()
  
  await loadCriticalAssets()
  const criticalTime = performance.now() - start
  
  analytics.track('load_critical', { ms: Math.round(criticalTime) })
  
  await loadGameAssets()
  const totalTime = performance.now() - start
  
  analytics.track('load_complete', { ms: Math.round(totalTime) })
}

8) Pelacakan funnel

Lacak kemajuan pemain melalui alur-alur utama:

class FunnelTracker {
  constructor(analytics, funnelName) {
    this.analytics = analytics
    this.funnelName = funnelName
    this.startTime = Date.now()
  }
  
  step(stepName) {
    this.analytics.track('funnel_step', {
      funnel: this.funnelName,
      step: stepName,
      elapsedMs: Date.now() - this.startTime,
    })
  }
  
  complete() {
    this.analytics.track('funnel_complete', {
      funnel: this.funnelName,
      totalMs: Date.now() - this.startTime,
    })
  }
  
  abandon(reason) {
    this.analytics.track('funnel_abandon', {
      funnel: this.funnelName,
      reason,
      elapsedMs: Date.now() - this.startTime,
    })
  }
}

// Usage
const onboarding = new FunnelTracker(analytics, 'onboarding')
onboarding.step('welcome_shown')
// ... player clicks continue
onboarding.step('name_entered')
// ... player completes tutorial
onboarding.complete()

9) Dukungan pengujian A/B

class ABTest {
  constructor(testName, variants) {
    this.testName = testName
    this.variants = variants
    
    // Get or assign variant
    const stored = localStorage.getItem(`ab_${testName}`)
    if (stored && variants.includes(stored)) {
      this.variant = stored
    } else {
      this.variant = variants[Math.floor(Math.random() * variants.length)]
      localStorage.setItem(`ab_${testName}`, this.variant)
    }
    
    // Track assignment
    analytics.track('ab_assignment', {
      test: testName,
      variant: this.variant,
    })
  }
  
  getVariant() {
    return this.variant
  }
  
  trackConversion(metric) {
    analytics.track('ab_conversion', {
      test: this.testName,
      variant: this.variant,
      metric,
    })
  }
}

// Usage
const difficultyTest = new ABTest('difficulty', ['easy', 'normal', 'hard'])
game.difficulty = difficultyTest.getVariant()

// When player completes level
difficultyTest.trackConversion('level_complete')

10) Pertimbangan privasi

class PrivacyAwareAnalytics extends Analytics {
  constructor(endpoint) {
    super(endpoint)
    this.enabled = this.checkConsent()
  }
  
  checkConsent() {
    return localStorage.getItem('analytics_consent') === 'true'
  }
  
  setConsent(enabled) {
    localStorage.setItem('analytics_consent', enabled ? 'true' : 'false')
    this.enabled = enabled
    
    if (enabled) {
      this.track('consent_granted')
    }
  }
  
  track(event, data = {}) {
    if (!this.enabled) return
    
    // Strip PII
    const sanitized = { ...data }
    delete sanitized.email
    delete sanitized.name
    delete sanitized.ip
    
    super.track(event, sanitized)
  }
}

// Show consent dialog
function showConsentDialog() {
  const dialog = document.createElement('div')
  dialog.innerHTML = `
    <p>Kami menggunakan analitik untuk meningkatkan kualitas game. Apakah Anda menyetujuinya?</p>
    <button id="accept">Setuju</button>
    <button id="decline">Tolak</button>
  `
  document.body.appendChild(dialog)
  
  dialog.querySelector('#accept').onclick = () => {
    analytics.setConsent(true)
    dialog.remove()
  }
  
  dialog.querySelector('#decline').onclick = () => {
    analytics.setConsent(false)
    dialog.remove()
  }
}

Alternatif pihak ketiga

Jika Anda tidak ingin membuatnya sendiri:

• Plausible — Berfokus pada privasi dan sederhana
• Amplitude — Analitik produk dan funnel
• Mixpanel — Pelacakan peristiwa dan perjalanan pengguna
• Sentry — Khusus untuk pelacakan kesalahan

// Example: Plausible
const script = document.createElement('script')
script.defer = true
script.dataset.domain = 'yourgame.com'
script.src = 'https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js'
document.head.appendChild(script)

// Track custom events
window.plausible('level_complete', { props: { level: '1' } })

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