使用 IndexedDB 保存和加载游戏状态

IndexedDB 是浏览器中持久化游戏数据的最佳选择。它能存大量数据，离线可用，而且不阻塞主线程。

1）为什么选 IndexedDB 而不是 localStorage？

特性	localStorage	IndexedDB
存储上限	约 5-10 MB	50+ MB（常达 GB）
数据类型	仅字符串	对象、blob、数组
异步	否（会阻塞）	是
索引查询	否	是

对游戏来说，IndexedDB 几乎永远是正确选择。

2）打开数据库

function openGameDB() {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const request = indexedDB.open('MyGame', 1)
    
    request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
    request.onsuccess = () => resolve(request.result)
    
    request.onupgradeneeded = (event) => {
      const db = event.target.result
      
      // 创建对象存储
      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains('saves')) {
        db.createObjectStore('saves', { keyPath: 'slot' })
      }
      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains('settings')) {
        db.createObjectStore('settings', { keyPath: 'key' })
      }
    }
  })
}

3）保存游戏状态

async function saveGame(slot, gameState) {
  const db = await openGameDB()
  
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const tx = db.transaction('saves', 'readwrite')
    const store = tx.objectStore('saves')
    
    const saveData = {
      slot,
      state: gameState,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    }
    
    const request = store.put(saveData)
    request.onsuccess = () => resolve()
    request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
  })
}

4）加载游戏状态

async function loadGame(slot) {
  const db = await openGameDB()
  
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const tx = db.transaction('saves', 'readonly')
    const store = tx.objectStore('saves')
    
    const request = store.get(slot)
    request.onsuccess = () => resolve(request.result?.state || null)
    request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
  })
}

5）列出所有存档

async function listSaves() {
  const db = await openGameDB()
  
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const tx = db.transaction('saves', 'readonly')
    const store = tx.objectStore('saves')
    
    const request = store.getAll()
    request.onsuccess = () => resolve(request.result)
    request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
  })
}

6）删除存档

async function deleteSave(slot) {
  const db = await openGameDB()
  
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const tx = db.transaction('saves', 'readwrite')
    const store = tx.objectStore('saves')
    
    const request = store.delete(slot)
    request.onsuccess = () => resolve()
    request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
  })
}

7）完整的 GameStorage 类

class GameStorage {
  constructor(dbName = 'GameData', version = 1) {
    this.dbName = dbName
    this.version = version
    this.db = null
  }
  
  async init() {
    this.db = await this.openDB()
  }
  
  openDB() {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      const request = indexedDB.open(this.dbName, this.version)
      request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
      request.onsuccess = () => resolve(request.result)
      request.onupgradeneeded = (e) => {
        const db = e.target.result
        if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains('saves')) {
          db.createObjectStore('saves', { keyPath: 'slot' })
        }
        if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains('settings')) {
          db.createObjectStore('settings', { keyPath: 'key' })
        }
        if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains('assets')) {
          db.createObjectStore('assets', { keyPath: 'url' })
        }
      }
    })
  }
  
  async save(slot, data) {
    const tx = this.db.transaction('saves', 'readwrite')
    tx.objectStore('saves').put({ slot, data, timestamp: Date.now() })
    return tx.complete
  }
  
  async load(slot) {
    const tx = this.db.transaction('saves', 'readonly')
    const result = await this.promisify(tx.objectStore('saves').get(slot))
    return result?.data || null
  }
  
  async setSetting(key, value) {
    const tx = this.db.transaction('settings', 'readwrite')
    tx.objectStore('settings').put({ key, value })
  }
  
  async getSetting(key, defaultValue = null) {
    const tx = this.db.transaction('settings', 'readonly')
    const result = await this.promisify(tx.objectStore('settings').get(key))
    return result?.value ?? defaultValue
  }
  
  promisify(request) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      request.onsuccess = () => resolve(request.result)
      request.onerror = () => reject(request.error)
    })
  }
}

8）存储二进制数据（纹理、音频）

IndexedDB 能直接处理 Blob 和 ArrayBuffer：

async function cacheAsset(url, blob) {
  const tx = db.transaction('assets', 'readwrite')
  tx.objectStore('assets').put({ url, blob, cached: Date.now() })
}

async function getCachedAsset(url) {
  const tx = db.transaction('assets', 'readonly')
  const result = await promisify(tx.objectStore('assets').get(url))
  return result?.blob || null
}

9）自动存档模式

class AutoSave {
  constructor(storage, interval = 60000) {
    this.storage = storage
    this.interval = interval
    this.timer = null
    this.dirty = false
  }
  
  markDirty() {
    this.dirty = true
  }
  
  start(getState) {
    this.timer = setInterval(async () => {
      if (this.dirty) {
        await this.storage.save('autosave', getState())
        this.dirty = false
        console.log('Autosaved')
      }
    }, this.interval)
  }
  
  stop() {
    clearInterval(this.timer)
  }
}

10）错误处理与兜底

async function safeLoad(slot, defaultState) {
  try {
    const saved = await loadGame(slot)
    if (saved) {
      // 如有需要，校验/迁移旧存档
      return migrateSave(saved)
    }
  } catch (err) {
    console.warn('Failed to load save:', err)
  }
  return defaultState
}

function migrateSave(save) {
  // 处理旧的存档格式
  if (!save.version) {
    save.version = 1
    save.settings = save.settings || {}
  }
  return save
}

相关阅读

• 离线游戏的 PWA
• 游戏缓存的 Service Workers
• 发布一个快速加载的网页游戏
• 流式资源加载 —— 把 IndexedDB 当资源缓存使用
• 网页游戏分析 —— 追踪存读档模式来理解玩家行为

外部资源

• MDN: IndexedDB API —— 完整 API 参考
• MDN: Using IndexedDB —— 一步步上手指南
• idb library —— 一个超小的基于 Promise 的 IndexedDB 封装